Given their nature and context, some DFI investments or projects will inevitably involve the risk of adverse environmental or social outcomes. It is important that DFIs have robust systems in place that can manage and mitigate these risks before, during, and after an investment. The work stream will focus on two key themes. First, it will analyse the ways in which DFIs measure and manage environmental, social, and governance (ESG) outcomes and which standards are being reported to. Secondly, this work stream will assess the transparency of accountability mechanisms including the occurrence and reporting of community consultations, the accessibility of independent accountability mechanisms (IAMs) and the availability of information regarding ongoing or settled disputes.